RESEARCH STUDIES

For further reading please find other references listed below which cover studies on plant sterols and plant sterol spreads. There is also a list of references covering the safety of plant sterols

Amundsen AL, Ose L, Nenseter MS, Ntanios FY. Plant sterol ester-enriched spread lowers plasma total and LDL cholesterol in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:338-44.

Cleghorn CL, Skeaff CM, J Mann, A Chrisholm. Plant sterol-enriched spread enhances the cholesterol-lowering potential of a fat-reduced diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57:170-176.

Davidson MH, Maki KC, Umporowicz DM, Ingram KA, Dicklin MR, Schaefer E, Lane RW, McNamara JR, Ribaya-Mercado JD, Perrone G, Robins SJ, Franke WC. Safety and tolerability of esterified phytosterols administered in reduced-fat spread and salad dressing to healthy adult men and women. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:307-319.

Geelen A, Zock PL, de Vries JHM, Katan MB. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and serum lipid response to plant sterols in humans. Eur J Clin Invest 2002;32:738-742.

Hendriks HF, Weststrate JA, Van Vliet T, Meijer GW. Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:319-327.

Homma Y, Ntanios F, Ushiro S, Furuse K, Goshima Y, Fujita M. Spread enriched with plant sterol-esters lowers blood cholsterol levels in Japanese subjects with no change to vitamin A and E levels. J Nutr. Food (Japan) 2001;3:13-22.

Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Trautwein EA, Parker TL, Marchie A, Koumbridis G, Lapsley KG, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Connelly PW. A dietary portfolio approach to cholesterol reduction: Combined effects of plant sterols, vegetable proteins, and viscous fibers in hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism 2002;51:1596-1604.

Jones PJ, Raeini-Sarjaz M, Ntanios FY, Vanstone CA, Feng JY, Parsons WE. Modulation of plasma lipid levels and cholesterol kinetics by phytosterol versus phytostanol esters.?J Lipid Res 2000;41:697-705.

Judd JT, Baer DJ, Chen SC, Clevidence BA, Muesing RA, Kramer M, Meijer GW. Plant sterol esters lower plasma lipids and most carotenoids in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults. Lipids 2002;37:33-42.

Maki KC, Davidson MH, Umporowicz DM, Schaefer EJ, Dicklin MR, Ingram KA, Chen S, McNamara JR, Gebhart BW, Ribaya-Mercado JD, Perrone G, Robins SJ, Franke WC. Lipid responses to plant-sterol-enriched reduced-fat spreads incorporated into a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:33-43.

Meijer GW. Blood cholesterol-lowering plant sterols: types, doses and forms. Lipid Technology 1999;11:129-132.

Mussner MJ, Parhofer KG, Von Bergmann K, Schwandt P, Broedl U, Otto C. Effects of phytosterol ester-enriched margarine on plasma lipoproteins in mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia are related to basal cholesterol and fat intake. Metabolism 2002;51:189-194.

Neil HAW, Meijer GW and Roe LS. Randomised controlled trial of use by hypercholesterolaemic patients of a vegetable oil sterol-enriched fat spread. Atherosclerosis 2001;156:329-337.

Nestel P, Cehun M, Pomeroy S, Abbey M, Weldon G. Cholesterol-lowering effects of plant sterol esters and non-esterified stanols in margarine, butter and low-fat foods. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001;55:1084-1090.

Nigon F, Serfaty-Lacrosnie C, Beucler I, Chauvois D, Neveu C, Giral P, Chapman MJ, Bruckert E. Plant sterol-enriched margarine lowers plasma LDL in hyperlipidemic subjects with low cholesterol intake: Effect of fibrate treatment. Clin Chem Lab Med 2001;39:634-640.

Noakes M, Clifton P, Ntanios F, Shrapnel W, Record I and McInerney J. An increase in dietary carotenoids when consuming plant sterols or stanols is effective in maintaining plasma carotenoid concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:79-86.

Ntanios FY, Homma Y, Ushiro S. A Spread Enriched with Plant Sterol-Esters Lowers Blood Cholesterol and Lipoproteins Levels without Affecting Vitamins A and E in Normal and Hypercholesterolemic Japanese Men and Women. J. Nutr. 2002;132:3650-3655.

Ntanios F. Plant-sterol-ester-enriched spreads as an example of a new functional food. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2001;103:102-106.

Ntanios F, Meijer G, Hepburn P. Comments on the review by Nguyen et al. (1999). The cholesterol-lowering action of plant stanol esters. J Nutr. 2000;130:2390-2392.

Ntanios FY, Duchateau GSMJE. A healthy diet rich in carotenoids is effective in maintaining normal blood carotenoid levels during the daily use of plant sterol-enriched spreads. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2002;72:32-39.

Raeini-Sarjaz M, Ntanios FY, Vanstone CA, Jones PJH. No changes in serum fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations with the intake of plant sterol/stanol esters in the context of a controlled diet. Metabolism 2002;51:652-656.

Sierksma A, Weststrate JA, Meijer GW. Spreads enriched with plant sterols, either esterified 4,4-dimethylsterols or free 4-desmethylsterols, and plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Br J Nutr 1999;82:273-282.

Simon LA. Additive effect of plant sterol-ester margarine and cerivastatin in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:737-740.

Stalenhoef AFH, Hectors M, Demacker PNM. Effect of plant sterol-enriched margarine on plasma lipids and sterols in subjects heterozygous for phytosterolaemia. J Intern Med 2001;249:163-166.

Temme EHM, Van Hoydonck PGA, Schouten EG, Kesteloot H. Effects of a plant sterol-enriched spread on serum lipids and lipoproteins in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Acta Cardiol 2002;57:111-115.

Trautwein EA, Ntanios F, Meijer GW, Weststrate JA. Cholesterolsenkung durch Phytosterole ?Wirkungsweise und Wirksamkeit. Lipoproteinmetabolismus und Atheroskleroseprävention, Verlag Wissenschaftliche Scripten, Zwickau, 2002;315-324.

Vissers MN, Zock PL, Meijer GW, Katan MB. Effect of plant sterols from rice bran oil and triterpene alcohols from sheanut oil on serum lipoprotein concentrations in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:1510-5.

Weststrate JA, Meijer GW. Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:334-343.

Safety studies

Ayesh R, Weststrate JA, Drewitt PN, Hepburn PA. evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 5. Faecal short-chain fatty acid and microflora content, faecal bacterial enzyme activity and serum female sex hormones in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterolester-enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol 1999;37:1127-1138. Baker VA, Hepburn PA, Kennedy SJ, Jones PA, Lea LJ, Sumpter JP, Ashby J. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 1. Assessment of oestrogenicity using a combination of in vivo and in vitro assays. Food Chem Toxicol 1999;37:13-22.

Hepburn PA, Horner SA, Smith M. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 2. Subchronic 90-day oral toxicity study on phytosterol esters ?a novel functional food. Food Chem Toxicol 1999;37:521-532.

Sanders DJ, Minter HJ, Howes D, Hepburn PA. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 6. The comparative absorption and tissue distribution of phytosterols in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2000;38:485-491.

Waalkens-Berendsen DH, Wolterbeek APM, Wijnands MVW, Richold M, Hepburn PA. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 3. Two-generation reproduction study with phytosterol esters ?a novel functional food. Food Chem Toxicol 1999;37:683-696.

Weststrate JA, Ayesh R, Bauer-Plank C, Drewitt PN. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 4. Faecal concentrations of bile acids and neutral sterols in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol 1999;37:1063-1071.

Wolfreys AM, Hepburn PA. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 7. Assessment of mutagenic activity of phytosterols, phytosterol esters and the cholesterol derivate, 4-cholesten-3-one. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40:461-470.